Parasitology
Parasitology: An Integrated Approach 2022
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Preface
About the Companion Website
1 Animal Associations and the Importance of Parasites
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Animal Associations
1.3 Parasite Hosts
1.4 Zoonotic Infections
1.5 The Co‐evolution of Parasites and Their Hosts
1.6 Parasitism as a ‘Lifestyle’: Advantages and Limitations
1.7 The Economic Cost of Parasitic Diseases
1.8 Why Parasitic Diseases Remain a Problem
2 Taxonomy
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Viruses: A Special (Unresolved) Case
2.3 Taxonomic Hierarchy
2.4 Kingdom Protista
2.5 Kingdom Animalia
3 Parasitic Protozoa Part A: Phyla Rhizopoda, Metamonada, Apicomplexa
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Phylum Rhizopoda
3.3 Phylum Metamonada
3.4 Phylum Apicomplexa
3.5 Subclass Coccidiasina
4 Parasitic Protozoa Part B: Phylum Kinetoplastida; Parasitic Algae and Fungi
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Phylum Kinetoplastida
4.3 Phylum Chlorophyta
4.4 Kingdom Fungi
5 Platyhelminth and Acanthocephalan Parasites
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Phylum Platyhelminthes
5.3 Class Cestoda
5.4 Phylum Acanthocephala
6 Nematode Parasites
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Class Enoplea
6.3 Class Rhabdita
7 Arthropod Parasites
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Phylum Chelicerata
7.3 Phylum Crustacea
7.4 Subphylum Hexapoda
8 Parasite Transmission
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Contaminative Transmission
8.3 Transmission Associated with Reproduction
8.4 Autoinfection
8.5 Nosocomial Transmission
8.6 Active Parasite Transmission
8.7 Hosts and Vectors
8.8 Host Factors
8.9 Co‐Transmission and Interactions Between Pathogens
8.10 Environmental Factors
9 Immune Reactions to Parasitic Infections
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Invertebrate Immunity
9.3 Vertebrate Immunity
9.4 Innate Immunity to Parasites
9.5 Adaptive Immune Reactions to Parasites
9.6 Microbiomes and Host Immune Reactions to Parasites
9.7 Avoiding the Host Immune Response
9.8 Immunity to Malaria
9.9 Schistosoma spp. and Hepatitis C Virus Interactions
9.10 HIV‐AIDS and Parasitic Infections
10 Pathology Part A
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Factors Influencing Pathogenesis
10.3 Mechanisms By Which Parasites Cause Pathology
10.4 Types of Pathology
11 Pathology Part B
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Damage to Specific Organs
11.3 Co‐Infections and Pathogenesis
12 The Useful Parasite
12.1 Introduction: The Goodness of Parasites?
12.2 The Importance of Parasites for the Maintenance of a Healthy Immune System
12.3 The Use of Parasites to Treat Medical Conditions
12.4 Parasites as Sources of Novel Pharmaceutically Active Substances
12.5 Parasites as Biological Control Agents
12.6 Parasites as Forensic Indicators
13 The Identification of Protozoan and Helminth Parasites
13.1 Laboratory Testing for Parasitic Infections: Introduction
13.2 Importance of Correct Identification
13.3 Properties of an Ideal Diagnostic Test
13.4 Isolation of Parasites
13.5 Identification from Gross Morphology
13.6 Biochemical Techniques for Identification
13.7 Immunological Techniques for Identification
13.8 Molecular Techniques for Identification
13.9 Diagnostic Testing of Parasitic Infections Outside the Laboratory: Introduction
14 Parasite Treatment
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Ideal Antiparasitic Drug
14.3 Pharmaceutical Drugs
14.4 DNA/RNA Technology
14.5 Molecular Chaperones (Heat Shock Proteins)
14.6 Nanotechnology
14.7 Quantum Dots
14.8 Natural Remedies
14.9 Homeopathy
15 Parasite Vaccines
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Design and Use of Vaccines
15.3 Herd Immunity
15.4 Factors Limiting the Production of Commercial Antiparasitic Vaccines
15.5 Properties of an Ideal Vaccine
15.6 Types of Vaccine
15.7 Identification of Antigens for Use in Anti‐parasite Vaccines
15.8 Vaccine Delivery
15.9 Vaccines Against Malaria
15.10 Nanobodies (Single Domain Antibodies)
15.11 Problems with Vaccination Strategies
16 Parasite Control
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Eradication, Elimination, and Control
16.3 Education
16.4 Environmental Modification and Cultural Control
16.5 Remote Sensing and GIS Technology
16.6 Whether to Treat the Individual or the Population
16.7 Piggy‐Backing Control Programmes
16.8 Disruptions to Control Programmes
16.9 Role of Governments, Foundations, and Aid Organisations
References
