Radiology
LEARNING RADIOLOGY 2024
Table of contents :
Front Cover
IFC
Learning Radiology
Learning Radiology: Recognizing the Basics
Copyright
Dedication
contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Video Contents
1. Recognizing Anything: Past, Present, and Future
Past: the Discovery
Present: Today's Imaging Modalities
Conventional Radiography (CR, Plain Films)
Advantages, Disadvantages, and Uses of Conventional Radiography
The Five Basic Densities
Computed Tomography (CT, CAT Scans)
Advantages, Disadvantages, and Uses of Computed Tomography
Ultrasound (US)
Advantages, Disadvantages, and Uses of US
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Advantages, Disadvantages, and Uses of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Fluoroscopy (Fluoro)
Advantages, Disadvantages, and Uses of Fluoroscopy
Nuclear Medicine
Advantages, Disadvantages, and Uses of Nuclear Medicine Studies
Future: Artificial Intelligence
Conventions Used in this Book
2. Recognizing Normal Pulmonary Anatomy
The Normal Frontal Chest Radiograph
Pleura: Normal Anatomy
Normal Pulmonary Vasculature
The Normal Lateral Chest Radiograph (FIG. 2.5)
Five Key Areas on the Lateral Chest X-Ray (See Fig. 2.5)
The Retrosternal Clear Space
The Hilar Region
The Fissures
The Thoracic Spine
The Diaphragm
The Posterior Costophrenic Angles (Posterior Costophrenic Sulci)
Normal CT Anatomy of the Chest
Normal CT Anatomy of the Lungs
The Fissures
3. Recognizing Normal Cardiac Anatomy
Evaluating the Heart on Chest Radiographs
Recognizing a Normal-Sized Heart
The Normal Cardiac Contours
General Principles
Evaluating the Heart on Cardiac CT
Normal Cardiac CT Anatomy
Five-Vessel Level (Fig. 3.5)
Aortic Arch Level (Fig. 3.6)
Aortopulmonary Window Level (Fig. 3.7)
Main Pulmonary Artery Level (Fig. 3.8)
High Cardiac Level (Fig. 3.9)
Low Cardiac Level (Fig. 3.10)
Uses of Cardiac CT
Calcium Scoring
Coronary CT Angiography: Normal Anatomy
Coronary Artery Dominance
Cardiac MRI
Normal Cardiac MRI Anatomy
4. Recognizing Airspace Versus Interstitial Lung Disease
Classifying Parenchymal Lung Disease
Characteristics of Airspace Disease
Some Causes of Airspace Disease
Characteristics of Interstitial Lung Disease
Some Causes of Interstitial Lung Disease
Predominantly Reticular Interstitial Lung Diseases
Predominantly Nodular Interstitial Diseases
Mixed Reticular and Nodular Interstitial Disease (Reticulonodular Disease)
Mixed Airspace and Interstitial Disease
Tuberculosis
Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Postprimary Tuberculosis (``Reactivation TB'')
Patterns of Distribution of Postprimary Tuberculosis
Miliary Tuberculosis
5. Recognizing the Causes of an Opacified Hemithorax
Atelectasis of the Entire Lung
Massive Pleural Effusion
Pneumonia of an Entire Lung
Postpneumonectomy
6. Recognizing Atelectasis
What is Atelectasis?
Types of Atelectasis
Obstructive Atelectasis
Passive Atelectasis
Adhesive Atelectasis
Subsegmental Atelectasis
Round (or Rounded) Atelectasis
Scarring and Atelectasis (Cicatrization Atelectasis)
Patterns of Collapse in Lobar Atelectasis
How Atelectasis Resolves
7. Recognizing a Pleural Effusion
Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Pleural Space
Modalities for Detecting Pleural Effusions
Causes of Pleural Effusions (TABLE 7.1)
Types of Pleural Effusions
Side-Specificity of Pleural Effusions
Recognizing the Different Appearances of Pleural Effusions
Subpulmonic Effusions
Blunting of the Costophrenic Angles
The Meniscus Sign
Opacified Hemithorax
Loculated Effusions
Fissural Pseudotumors
Laminar Effusions
Hydropneumothorax
8. Recognizing Pneumonia
General Considerations
General Characteristics of Pneumonia
Patterns of Pneumonia
Lobar Pneumonia
Segmental Pneumonia (Bronchopneumonia)
Interstitial Pneumonia
Round Pneumonia
Cavitary Pneumonia
Aspiration
COVID-19
Localizing Pneumonia
How Pneumonia Resolves
9. Recognizing the Correct Placement of Lines and Tubes and Their Potential Complications: Critical Care Radiology
Endotracheal and Tracheostomy Tubes
Endotracheal Tubes (ETT)
Tracheostomy Tubes
Intravascular Catheters
Central Venous (Pressure) Catheters (CVC, CVP)
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (PICC)
Pulmonary Artery Catheters (Swan-Ganz Catheters)
Multiple Lumen Catheters (Hemodialysis Catheters)
Pleural Drainage Tubes
Cardiac Devices
Pacemakers
Automatic Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators (AICD)
Intra-aortic Balloon Pump (IABP)
Gastrointestinal Tubes
Nasogastric Tubes (NGT)
Feeding Tubes (Dobbhoff Tubes)
10. Recognizing Other Diseases of the Chest
Mediastinal Masses
Anterior Mediastinal Masses
Thyroid Masses
Lymphoma
Thymic Masses
Teratoma
Middle Mediastinal Masses
Posterior Mediastinal Masses
Neurogenic Tumors
Solitary Nodule/Mass in the Lung
Signs of a Benign Versus Malignant Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
Benign Causes of Solitary Pulmonary Nodules
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Bronchogenic Carcinomas Presenting as a Nodule/Mass in the Lung
Bronchogenic Carcinoma Presenting with Bronchial Obstruction
Bronchogenic Carcinoma Presenting with Direct Extension or Metastatic Lesions
Metastatic Neoplasms in the Lung
Multiple Nodules
Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis (Lymphangitic Spread of Carcinoma)
Pulmonary Thromboembolic Disease (PE)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Bullae, Cysts, and Cavities
Bullae
Cysts
Cavities
Bronchiectasis
11. Recognizing Adult Heart Disease
Recognizing an Enlarged Cardiac Silhouette
Pericardial Effusion
Extracardiac Causes of Apparent Cardiac Enlargement
Identifying Cardiac Enlargement on an AP Chest Radiograph
Recognizing Cardiomegaly on the Lateral Chest Radiograph
Recognizing Common Cardiac Diseases
Congestive Heart Failure
Pulmonary Interstitial Edema
Thickening of the Interlobular Septa: Kerley B Lines
Peribronchial Cuffing
Fluid in the Fissures
Pleural Effusion
Pulmonary Alveolar Edema
Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema
Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Imaging Findings
Differentiating Cardiac from Noncardiac Pulmonary Edema
Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease
Mitral Stenosis
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Aortic Stenosis
Cardiomyopathy
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Aortic Aneurysms
Recognizing a Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
Thoracic Aortic Dissection
Coronary Artery Disease
12. Recognizing the Normal Abdomen and Pelvis: Conventional Radiographs
What to Look for
Normal Bowel Gas Pattern
Normal Gastrointestinal Tract Air-Fluid Levels
Differentiating Large from Small Bowel
Acute Abdominal Series
Supine View (Scout Film) (See Fig. 12.1)
Prone View
Upright View of Abdomen
Upright (or Supine) View of Chest
Extraluminal air
Calcifications
Recognizing Abnormal Calcifications and Their Causes
Recognizing Organomegaly
Liver
Spleen
Kidneys
Urinary Bladder
Uterus
Psoas Muscles
13. Recognizing the Normal Abdomen and Pelvis: Computed Tomography
Introduction To abdominal and Pelvic CT
Intravenous Contrast in CT Scanning
Oral Contrast in CT Scanning
Abdominal CT: General Considerations
Abdominal CT: by Organ
Liver
Spleen
Pancreas
Kidneys
Small and Large Bowel
Urinary Bladder
14. Recognizing Bowel Obstruction and Ileus
Abnormal Gas Patterns
Laws of the Gut
Functional Ileus: Localized
Functional Ileus: Generalized
Mechanical Obstruction: Small Bowel
Mechanical Obstruction: Large Bowel
Volvulus of the Colon
Colonic Pseudoobstruction (Ogilvie Syndrome)
15. Recognizing Extraluminal Air in the Abdomen
Free Intraperitoneal air
Air Beneath the Diaphragm
Visualization of Both Sides of the Bowel Wall
Visualization of the Falciform Ligament
Causes of Free Air
Extraperitoneal air (Retroperitoneal air)
Causes of Extraperitoneal Air
Air in the Bowel Wall
Causes and Significance of Air in the Bowel Wall
Air in the Biliary System
Causes of Air in the Biliary System
16. Recognizing Abnormal Calcifications and Their Causes
Patterns of Calcification
Rim-Like Calcification
Linear or Track-Like Calcification
Lamellar or Laminar Calcification
Cloudlike, Amorphous, or ``Popcorn'' Calcification
Location of Calcification
17. Recognizing Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary, and Urinary Tract Abnormalities
Barium Studies of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Esophagus
Esophageal Carcinoma
Hiatal Hernia and Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD)
Stomach and Duodenum
Gastric Ulcers
Gastric Carcinoma
Duodenal Ulcers
Small and Large Bowel
General Considerations
Crohn Disease
Large Bowel
Diverticulosis
Diverticulitis
Colonic Polyps
Colonic Carcinoma
Colitis
Appendicitis
Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Pancreas
Pancreatitis
Chronic Pancreatitis
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Hepatobiliary Abnormalities
Liver: General Considerations
Fatty Infiltration
Cirrhosis
Space-Occupying Lesions of the Liver
Metastases
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hepatoma)
Cavernous Hemangiomas
Hepatic Cysts
Biliary System
Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography
Urinary Tract
Kidneys: General Considerations
Space-Occupying Lesions
Renal Cysts
Renal Cell Carcinoma (Hypernephroma)
Pelvis
General Considerations
Urinary Bladder
Bladder Tumors
Adenopathy
Lymphoma
18. Ultrasonography: Understanding the Principles and Its Uses in Abdominal and Pelvic Imaging
How it Works
Echogenicity
Imaging Planes
Frequency and Resolution
Types of Ultrasound
Doppler Ultrasonography
Adverse Effects or Safety Issues
Medical Uses of Ultrasonography
Biliary System
Normal Gallbladder Anatomy: Ultrasound
Gallstones and Acute Cholecystitis
Normal Bile Duct Anatomy: Ultrasound
Urinary Tract
Normal Renal Anatomy: Ultrasound
Hydronephrosis
Medical Renal Disease
Urinary Bladder
Scrotal Ultrasound
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Female Pelvic Organs
Normal Uterine Anatomy: Ultrasound
Uterine Leiomyomas (Fibroids)
Adenomyosis
Normal Ovarian Anatomy/Physiology: Ultrasound
Ovarian Cysts
Ovarian Tumors
Ovarian Torsion
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Pregnancy
Ectopic Pregnancy
Fetal Abnormalities
Molar Pregnancy
Abdominal Hernias
Appendicitis
Ascites
Musculoskeletal System
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
19. Vascular, Pediatric, and Point-of-Care Ultrasound
Vascular Ultrasound
Arterial Stenosis
Carotid Arteries
Peripheral Arteries
Pseudoaneurysm
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Pediatrics
Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)
Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)
Intussusception
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (HPS)
Point-of-Care Ultrasound
Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST)
Pleural Effusion
Pneumothorax
Pericardial Effusion
Cardiac Function
Central Venous Pressure
Ocular Ultrasound
20. Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Understanding the Principles and Recognizing the Basics
How MRI Works
Hardware that Makes up an MRI Scanner
Main Magnet
Coils
Computer
What Happens Once Scanning Begins
Pulse Sequences
How to Identify A T1-Weighted or T2-Weighted Image
MRI Contrast
MRI Safety Issues
Claustrophobia
Ferromagnetic Objects
Mechanical or Electrical Devices
Pregnant Patients
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
Diagnostic Applications of MRI
21. Recognizing Nontraumatic Abnormalities of the Appendicular Skeleton and Arthritis
Conventional Radiography, CT, and MRI in Bone Imaging
Normal Bone and Joint Anatomy
Diseases that Affect Bone Density
The Effect of Bone Physiology on Bone Anatomy
Diseases that Increase Bone Density
Recognizing an Increase in Bone Density
Osteoblastic Metastatic Disease
Avascular Necrosis of Bone
Paget Disease
Diseases that Decrease Bone Density
Recognizing a Decrease in Bone Density
Osteoporosis
Hyperparathyroidism
Focal Decreases in Bone Density
Osteolytic Metastatic Disease
Myeloma
Osteomyelitis
Diseases of the Joints: an Approach to Arthritis
Classification of Arthritis
Hypertrophic Arthritis
Primary Osteoarthritis
Secondary Osteoarthritis (Secondary Degenerative Arthritis)
Erosive Osteoarthritis
Charcot Arthropathy (Neuropathic Joint)
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (Pyrophosphate Arthropathy)
Erosive Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Gout
Psoriatic Arthritis
Infectious Arthritis
22. Recognizing Nontraumatic Abnormalities of the Spine
The Normal Spine (FIG. 22.1)
Vertebral Body
Intervertebral Disks
Spinal Ligaments
Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
Normal MRI Appearance of the Spine
Back Pain
Herniated Disks
Degenerative Disk Disease (DDD)
Osteoarthritis of the Facet Joints
Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH)
Compression Fractures of the Spine
Spinal Stenosis
Malignancy Involving the Spine
MRI in Metastatic Spine Disease
Diskitis/Osteomyelitis of the Spine
Ankylosing Spondylitis
23. Recognizing Trauma to the Bony Skeleton
Recognizing an Acute Fracture
Recognizing Dislocations and Subluxations
Describing Fractures
Describing Fractures: Number of Fragments
Describing Fractures: Fracture Line Direction (Table 23.3)
Describing Fractures: Relationship of One Fragment to Another
Describing Fractures: Relationship to the Atmosphere
Avulsion Fractures
Salter-Harris Fractures: Growth Plate Fractures in Children
Child Abuse
Stress Fractures
Common Fracture Eponyms
Some Subtle Fractures or Dislocations
Indirect Signs of a Possible Fracture
Fracture Healing
Spinal Trauma
Jefferson Fracture
Hangman's Fracture
Burst Fractures
Chance Fracture
Locked Facets
Pathologic Fractures
24. Recognizing the Imaging Findings of Trauma to the Chest
Chest Wall Trauma
Rib Fractures
Subcutaneous Emphysema
Pleural Abnormalities: Pneumothorax
Causes of a Pneumothorax
Types of Pneumothoraces
Simple Pneumothorax
Tension Pneumothorax
Imaging Modalities Used to Diagnose a Pneumothorax
Conventional Radiographs
Pitfalls in Diagnosing a Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax: CT of the Chest
Pneumothorax: Other Imaging Techniques
Traumatic Parenchymal Abnormalities
Pulmonary Contusions
Pulmonary Lacerations
Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema
Pneumomediastinum
Pneumopericardium
Aortic Trauma
Recognizing Aortic Trauma
25. Recognizing the Imaging Findings of Trauma to the Abdomen and Pelvis
Abdominal Trauma
Liver
Spleen
Kidneys
CT Hypoperfusion Complex/Shock Bowel
Pelvic Trauma
Rupture of the Urinary Bladder
Urethral Injuries
Less Common Abdominal Injuries
Diaphragm
Pancreas
26. Recognizing Some Common Causes of Intracranial Pathology
Normal Anatomy (Fig. 26.1)
Mri and the Brain
Head Trauma
Skull Fractures
Linear Skull Fractures
Depressed Skull Fractures
Basilar Skull Fractures
Facial Fractures
Intracranial Hemorrhage
Epidural Hematoma (Extradural Hematoma)
Subdural Hematoma (SDH)
Intracerebral Hematoma (Intracerebral Hemorrhage)
Diffuse Axonal Injury
Increased Intracranial Pressure
Cerebral Edema
Stroke
General Considerations
Ischemic Stroke
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Ruptured Aneurysms
Hydrocephalus
Obstructive Hydrocephalus
Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH)
Cerebral Atrophy
Brain Tumors
Gliomas of the Brain
Metastases
Meningioma
Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma)
Other Diseases
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Terminology
27. Recognizing Pediatric Diseases
Diseases Discussed in this Chapter
Newborn Respiratory Distress
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN)
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
Chronic Lung Disease of Infancy (CLD)
Childhood Lung Disease
Reactive Airways Disease/Bronchiolitis
Asthma
Pneumonia
Soft Tissues of the Neck
Enlarged Tonsils and Adenoids
Epiglottitis
Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)
Ingested Foreign Bodies
Other Diseases
Recognizing Cardiomegaly in Infants
Salter-Harris Fractures-Growth Plate Fractures
Child Abuse
Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)
Esophageal Atresia with/Without Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula (TEF)
28. Using Image-Guided Interventions in Diagnosis and Treatment (Interventional Radiology)
Arterial Access and Arteriography
Indications for Arterial Access
Procedure for Arterial Access
Benefits and Potential Risks of Arterial Access
Central Venous Access: Image-Guided Venous Access
Procedure for Central Venous Access
Benefits and Potential Risks of Central Venous Access
Pulmonary Embolism: Thrombolysis
Indications for Catheter-Directed Pulmonary Embolism Thrombolysis
Procedure for Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis
Benefits and Potential Risks of Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis
Pulmonary Embolism: Inferior Vena Caval (IVC) Filter Placement
Indications for IVC Filter Placement
Procedure for IVC Filter Placement
Benefits and Potential Risks of IVC Filter Placement
Image-Guided Biopsy: General Principles
Pulmonary Nodule: Image-Guided Biopsy
Indications for Pulmonary Nodule Image-Guided Biopsy
Procedure for Pulmonary Nodule Image-Guided Biopsy
Benefits and Potential Risks of Pulmonary Nodule Image-Guided Biopsy
Hepatic/Renal/Pulmonary Tumors: Thermal Ablation
Indications for Thermal Ablation
Procedure for Thermal Ablation
Benefits and Potential Risks of Thermal Ablation
Portal Hypertension: Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (Tips)
Indications for TIPS
Procedure for TIPS
Benefits and Potential Risks of TIPS placement
Abscess: Percutaneous Abscess Aspiration and Drain Placement
Indications for Abscess Aspiration and Drain Placement
Procedure for Abscess Aspiration and Drain Placement
Benefits and Potential Risks of Abscess Aspiration and Drain Placement
Gastrointestinal (GI) Bleeding: Arteriography and Embolization
Indications for GI Arteriography and Embolization
Procedure for GI Arteriography and Embolization
Benefits and Potential Risks of GI Arteriography and Embolization
Obstructive Uropathy: Percutaneous Nephrostomy (PCN)/ Nephroureterostomy (PCNU)
Indications for Percutaneous Nephrostomy/Nephroureterostomy
Procedure for Percutaneous Nephrostomy/Nephroureterostomy
Benefits and Potential Risks for Percutaneous Nephrostomy/ Nephroureterostomy
Aortic Aneurysm: Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR)
Indications for EVAR
Procedure for EVAR
Risks and Benefits of EVAR
Uterine Fibroids: Uterine Fibroid Embolization (UFE)
Indications for UFE
Procedure for UFE
Risks and Benefits of UFE
Acute Ischemic Stroke: Mechanical Thrombectomy
Indications for Thrombectomy in Stroke
Procedure for Mechanical Thrombectomy in Stroke
Risks and Benefits of Mechanical Thrombectomy in Stroke
29. Recognizing the Findings in Breast Imaging
Breast Imaging Modalities: Overview
Mammography
Contrast-Enhanced Mammography
Ultrasound (US)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Mammography: Screening Versus Diagnostic
Screening Mammography
Screening Recommendations
Diagnostic Mammography
Fundamental Mammography Findings
Masses
Asymmetry
Architectural Distortion
Calcifications
Ultrasound
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Management of Breast Abnormalities
Cyst Aspiration
Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy
Stereotactic Biopsies
Surgical Excision
Special Considerations
Masses During Pregnancy
Nipple Discharge
Mastitis and Breast Abscess
Breast Trauma
Dense Breasts
Postoperative Breast
A - Nuclear Medicine: Understanding the Principles and Recognizing the Basics
How it Works
Radioactive Decay
Half-Life
Nuclear Medicine Equipment
Detecting and Measuring the Radioactivity of an Isotope
Nuclear Medicine Safety
Commonly Used Nuclear Medicine Studies
Bone Scanning
Metastases to Bone
Osteomyelitis
Pulmonary Ventilation/Perfusion Scans for Pulmonary Embolism
Cardiac Scanning
Myocardial Perfusion Scanning
Wall Motion and Ejection Fraction
Thyroid Scintigraphy
Thyroid Nodules
Goiters
Thyroid Cancer
Biliary Scanning
HIDA Scans
GI Bleeding Scans
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Uses of PET Scans
Safety Issues and PET Scans
PET Scan Images
B- The ABCs of Heart Disease
Heart Size
The Cardiac Contours
Ascending Aorta
Double-Density of Left Atrial Enlargement
Right Atrium
Aortic Knob
Main Pulmonary Artery
Concavity for Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Descending Aorta
The Pulmonary Vasculature
Pulmonary Venous Hypertension
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Increased Flow to the Lungs
Decreased Flow to the Lungs
The ABCs of Heart Disease System
A: Is the Left Atrium Enlarged?
B: Is the Main Pulmonary Artery Big or Bulbous?
C: Is the Main Pulmonary Artery Segment Concave?
D: Is the Heart a Dilated or Delta-shaped heart?
Other Facts
The ABCs of Heart Disease in Schematic Form
C - Radiation Dose and Safety
Ionizing Radiation in Radiology
Three Fates of Radiation During an Imaging Procedure
Measurements of Radiation
Biologic Effects of Radiation
Types of Biologic Effects
Cancer Development
Sources of Radiation for Humans
Relative Radiation Doses of Different Modalities
Practices for Radiation Safety
Special Circumstances
D - Key Terminology and Glossaries
General Terminology
Terminology Conventions Used in This Book
Glossary of Gastrointestinal Imaging Terms (See Chapter 17)
Glossary Of Artificial Intelligence Terms (See E-Appendix G: Artificial Intelligence And Radiology)
E - Early History and Public Exuberance of the Discovery of X-rays
Wilhelm Roentgen
Thomas Edison
Fluoroscopes Everywhere
Radium Mania
Radium Quackery
Vita Radium Suppositories
Radioactive Hot Springs
Radioactive Water
Radioactive Cigarette Holder
The Glow Fades
Radium-Dial Workers
The Tragedy of Thorotrast
Present Day
F - Diagnostic Radiology Signs
A
Absent Bow-Tie Sign
Accordion Sign
Air Bronchogram
Air Crescent Sign
Angel-Wing (Bat-Wing) Pattern
Angel-Wing Sign (Spinnaker Sail Sign)
Anteater Sign
Aortic Nipple
Apple Core Sign
Arcuate Sign
B
Bamboo Spine
Banana Sign
Bankart Fracture
Bear Paw Sign
Beveled Edge Sign
Bird's Beak Sign (Esophagus) (Rat-Tail Sign)
Bird's Beak Sign (Cecum)
Bite Sign
Black Pleura Sign
Blade of Grass (Candle Flame) Sign
Boomerang Sign (Brain)
Boot-shaped Heart
Boutonniere Deformity
Bow-Tie Sign
Bowler Hat Sign
Box-shaped Heart
Bulging Fissure Sign
Butterfly Vertebra
C
Candle Dripping (Dripping Candle Wax)
Cannonball Metastases
Cervicothoracic Sign
Chilaiditi Sign
Cluster of Grapes (Pneumatosis Coli)
Cobblestone Appearance (GI)
Cobra Head Sign
Cockade Sign
Codfish Vertebrae
Codman's Triangle
Coffee-Bean (Kidney Bean) Sign
Coin Lesion
Colon Cutoff Sign
Comb Sign
Comet (Tail) Sign
Comet Tail Sign (Phlebolith)
Continuous Diaphragm Sign
Corduroy Vertebra
Corkscrew Esophagus
Cotton Wool Appearance
Crazy-Paving
Crescent Sign (Free air)
Crescent Sign (Bone)
Crowded Carpal Sign
Cupola Sign
D
Dagger Sign
Dawson Fingers
Deep Sulcus Sign
Dense Hilum Sign
Dense MCA Sign
Dot-in-Box Appearance
Double Bubble Sign
Draped Aorta Sign
Dripping Candle Wax Sign (Candle Wax Sign)
Dromedary Hump
Drooping Shoulder Sign
E
Eggshell Calcification
Elephant-on-a-Flagpole Sign
Erlenmeyer Flask Deformity
F
Falciform Ligament Sign
Fallen Fragment Sign
Figure 3 Sign
Fish-Hook Sign (Hockey Stick Ureter)
Fishmouthing
Flame-shaped Breast
Football Sign
G
Ghost Vertebrae (Bone-within-a-Bone)
Goblet Sign
Golf Ball-on-a-Tee Sign (Egg in Cup Sign)
Ground-Glass Opacity
Gull-Wing Deformity
H
H-shaped Vertebrae
Hair-on-End Appearance
Half-Moon Overlap Sign
Hamburger-on-a-Bun Sign
Hampton Hump
Hide-bound Appearance
Hill-Sachs Deformity
Hilum Overlay Sign
Holly Leaf Appearance (Rolled Edge Sign)
Honda Sign
Honeycombing
Hot Nose Sign
I
Incomplete Rim Sign
Insular Ribbon Sign
Ivory Vertebra
J
Jackstone Calculus
Juxtaphrenic Peak Sign
K
Keyhole Sign (Noose Sign)
Knuckle Sign
L
Lateral Capsular Sign (Segond Fracture)
Lead-Pipe Colon
Light Bulb Sign
Linguine Sign
Luftsichel Sign
M
Maiden Waist Deformity
Meniscus Sign (Pleural Effusion).
Mercedes-Benz Sign
Mickey Mouse Sign (Bone Scan)
Misty Mesentery Sign
Molar Tooth Sign
N
Naked Facet Sign
Napoleon Hat Sign (Inverted Napoleon Hat Sign)
Nubbin Sign
O
Omental Cake (Caking)
Onion Skinning
Oreo Cookie Sign (Pericardial Fat Pad Sign)
P
Pad Sign (Bowel)
Paintbrush Appearance
Pancake Kidney (Discoid Kidney)
Pancake Vertebra (Vertebra Plana)
Pawnbroker Sign (Garland Sign)
Pear-shaped Bladder
Pedicle Sign
Pencil-in-Cup Deformity
Pencil Pointing
Picket Fencing
Picture Framing
Piece of Pie Sign
Polka-Dot Sign
Popcorn Calcification
Posterior Fat Pad Sign
Posterior Scalloping (Spine)
Potato Nodes
Pronator Quadratus Fat Pad Sign
Pseudo-Rigler Sign
Puckered Panniculus Sign
Putty Kidney
R
Rat-Bite Sign
Rat-Tail Sign (Achalasia; Bird's Beak Sign)
Reverse Hamburger Sign
Reverse Pulmonary Edema
Reverse S Sign of Golden
Ribbon Rib
Rib Notching
Rigler Sign
Ring Sign (Scaphoid)
Rolled Edge Sign (Holly Leaf Deformity)
Rugger Jersey Spine
S
Sandwich Sign (Hamburger Sign)
Sandwich Vertebral Body
Scimitar Syndrome (Sign)
Scottie Dog
Sentinel Loop
Shaggy Esophagus
Signet Ring Sign (Bronchiectasis)
Signet Ring Sign (Papillary Necrosis)
Silhouette Sign
Silver Fork Deformity
Small Bowel Feces Sign
Snowcap Sign (Snow-Capping)
Snowman Heart
Snowstorm Appearance (Lung)
Soap-Bubbly Appearance
Soft-Tissue Rim Sign
Spilled Teacup Sign
Spine Sign
Spinnaker Sail Sign
Split Pleura Sign
Stepladder Appearance (SBO)
Stipple Sign (GU)
String-of-Beads Sign (Arterial)
String-of-Beads Sign (GI) (String-of-Pearls Sign)
String-of-Pearls Sign (Bone Scan)
String Sign
Sunburst Periosteal Reaction
Swan Neck Deformity
T
Talar Beak Sign
Target Calcification
Target Sign (Bowel)
Target Sign (Pylorus)
Teardrop Sign (Ankle)
Terry-Thomas Sign (David Letterman Sign)
Thumbprinting (Colon)
Thumb Sign
Thymic Sail Sign
Tooth Sign
Tram-Track Sign (Chest)
Tree-in-Bud
Trolley-Track Sign
Trough Sign
U
Upside-Down Stomach
V
Vacuum Disk
Vacuum Joint (Pneumoarthrogram Sign)
Vanishing Lung Syndrome
Vanishing Tumor (Pseudotumor)
W
Water Bottle Heart
Westermark Sign
Whirlpool Sign (Mesentery)
Whiskering
Y
Y Sign
Yin-yang Sign
G - Artificial Intelligence and Radiology
Introduction
Early Visionaries
Computing Power
Artificial Neural Networks (Neural Networks, ANNs)
Layers
Why Three Different Datasets?
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
Machine Learning and Deep Learning
Machine Learning
Deep Learning
Supervised Versus Unsupervised Learning
Supervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning
Computer-Assisted Detection/Diagnosis in Medicine
Computer-Aided Simple Triage (CAST)
CAST Applications
Other AI Applications in Radiology
Benefits
Challenges
Predictions
Glossary of Terms
Bibliography
H - What to Order When
Introduction
Answers
BIBLIOGRAPHY
