Wilson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 12th Edition
For over half a century, Wilson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry has served the discipline of medicinal chemistry for both graduate and undergraduate pharmacy and chemistry students as well as practicing pharmacists. Fully updated for the Twelfth Edition, the book begins with the fundamental principles of chemistry, biochemistry, and biology that underlie the discipline of medicinal chemistry. These principles are then applied to understanding the properties, mode of action, therapeutic applications, and limitations of various pharmaceutical agents. The subject matter is organized by pharmaceutical and therapeutic classes, providing a bridge between the basic sciences and clinical practice. The text contains many tables for quick reference to names, formulations, dosages, and applications. This edition includes chapter review questions and cases. A companion website provides online updates of medicinal chemistry structures and an image bank for faculty. | |||
Table of contents : Wilson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Twelfth Edition......Page 1 Title Page......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 Dedication......Page 5 Students......Page 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 7 CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8 CONTENTS......Page 9 CHAPTER 1: Introduction......Page 13 Oral Administration......Page 15 Parenteral Administration......Page 17 Protein Binding......Page 18 Drug Metabolism......Page 19 The Receptor......Page 20 Summary......Page 23 Acid Strength......Page 24 Percent Ionization......Page 26 Drug Distribution and pKa......Page 28 Statistical Prediction of Pharmacological Activity......Page 29 Partition Coefficient......Page 30 Other Physicochemical and Descriptor Parameters......Page 32 Topological Descriptors......Page 34 Classification Methods......Page 35 Has QSAR Been Successful?......Page 36 Forces Involved with Drug–Receptor Interactions......Page 37 Conformational Flexibility and Multiple Modes of Action......Page 41 Optical Isomerism and Biological Activity......Page 42 Calculated Conformations......Page 44 Three-Dimensional Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships......Page 48 Database Searching and Mining......Page 49 Isosterism......Page 51 SELECTED WEB PAGES......Page 52 SELECTED READING......Page 53 GENERAL PATHWAYS OF DRUG METABOLISM......Page 55 ROLE OF CYTOCHROME P450 MONOOXYGENASES IN OXIDATIVE BIOTRANSFORMATIONS......Page 57 Oxidation of Aromatic Moieties......Page 59 Oxidation of Olefins......Page 64 Oxidation at Allylic Carbon Atoms......Page 67 Oxidation at Carbon Atoms α to Carbonyls and Imines......Page 70 Oxidation at Aliphatic and Alicyclic Carbon Atoms......Page 71 Oxidation Involving Carbon–Heteroatom Systems......Page 72 Oxidation of Alcohols and Aldehydes......Page 88 REDUCTIVE REACTIONS......Page 90 Reduction of Aldehyde and Ketone Carbonyls......Page 92 Reduction of Nitro and Azo Compounds......Page 95 Miscellaneous Reductions......Page 96 Miscellaneous Hydrolytic Reactions......Page 98 Miscellaneous Bioactivation of Prodrugs......Page 99 PHASE II OR CONJUGATION REACTIONS......Page 100 Glucuronic Acid Conjugation......Page 101 Sulfate Conjugation......Page 103 Conjugation with Glycine, Glutamine, and Other Amino Acids......Page 105 GSH or Mercapturic Acid Conjugates......Page 106 Acetylation......Page 109 Methylation......Page 114 Species and Strain Differences......Page 116 Hereditary or Genetic Factors......Page 117 Enzyme Induction......Page 118 Stereochemical Aspects of Drug Metabolism......Page 120 Pharmacologically Active Metabolites......Page 123 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 124 REFERENCES......Page 125 SELECTED READING......Page 129 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND NEW DRUG DEVELOPMENT......Page 131 THE BIOTECHNOLOGY OF RECOMBINANT DNA......Page 133 Recombinant DNA Technology......Page 135 The Vector......Page 136 Homology-Based Cloning......Page 138 MANIPULATION OF DNA SEQUENCE INFORMATION......Page 139 NEW BIOLOGICAL TARGETS FOR DRUG DEVELOPMENT......Page 140 NOVEL DRUG-SCREENING STRATEGIES......Page 141 PHARMACEUTICS OF RECOMBINANT DNA-PRODUCED AGENTS......Page 143 Physical Instability of Proteins......Page 144 Hormones......Page 146 Cytokines......Page 148 Interferons......Page 150 Aldesleukin......Page 153 Blood-Clotting Factors......Page 154 Other Enzymes......Page 156 Products......Page 157 Hybridoma (Monoclonal Antibody) Techniques......Page 158 Monoclonal Antibody Drugs......Page 159 Monoclonal Antibody Radionuclide Test Kits......Page 161 Unraveling the Genomic Code to Determine Structure–Function Relationships: Bioinformatics......Page 162 DNA Microarrays......Page 163 ANTISENSE TECHNOLOGY......Page 164 REFERENCES......Page 165 Phagocytes......Page 168 Macrophages and Monocytes......Page 169 Innate Immunity......Page 171 Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity......Page 173 Definitions of Immunobiologicals......Page 177 Immunobiologicals (Vaccines and Toxoids)......Page 178 Viral Vaccines......Page 180 Bacterial Vaccines......Page 184 Toxoids......Page 185 NEW VACCINE TECHNOLOGIES: ADJUVANT TECHNOLOGY......Page 186 NEW VACCINE TECHNOLOGIES: NUCLEIC ACID VACCINES......Page 189 REFERENCES......Page 190 CHAPTER OVERVIEW......Page 191 EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A STERILANT......Page 192 ALCOHOLS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS......Page 193 Aldehydes......Page 194 PHENOLS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES......Page 195 HALOGEN-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS......Page 197 CATIONIC SURFACTANTS......Page 198 DYES......Page 200 MERCURY COMPOUNDS (MERCURIALS)......Page 201 Other Preservatives......Page 202 General Introduction to Fungi: Medical Mycology......Page 203 Cutaneous Infections (Dermatophytoses)......Page 204 Tissue Reactions of Fungal Disease......Page 205 Topical Agents for Dermatophytoses......Page 206 Antifungal Antibiotics......Page 208 Allylamines and Related Compounds......Page 211 Azole Antifungal Agents......Page 212 Quinolones......Page 218 Nitrofurans......Page 225 Antitubercular Agents......Page 226 Antitubercular Antibiotics......Page 230 ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS......Page 232 ANTHELMINTICS......Page 236 ANTISCABIOUS AND ANTIPEDICULAR AGENTS......Page 239 ANTIBACTERIAL SULFONAMIDES......Page 240 Mechanism of Action of the Sulfonamides......Page 242 Ionization of Sulfonamides......Page 244 Metabolism, Protein Binding, and Distribution......Page 246 Structure–Activity Relationships......Page 247 Mixed Sulfonamides......Page 249 Sulfonamides for Intestinal Infections, Ulcerative Colitis, or Reduction of Bowel Flora......Page 250 SULFONES......Page 251 REFERENCES......Page 252 SELECTED READING......Page 253 Malaria......Page 254 Controlling the Vector, the Anopheles Mosquito......Page 256 CINCHONA ALKALOIDS......Page 257 4-Aminoquinolines......Page 260 8-Aminoquinolines......Page 262 Polycyclic Antimalarial Drugs......Page 263 Fixed Combinations......Page 265 Future Trends......Page 267 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 268 SELECTED READING......Page 269 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......Page 270 MECHANISMS OF ACTION......Page 271 β-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS......Page 272 Nomenclature......Page 273 Stereochemistry......Page 274 Chemical Degradation......Page 275 Bacterial Resistance......Page 277 Extended-Spectrum Penicillins......Page 279 Allergy to Penicillins......Page 280 Products......Page 281 β-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS......Page 286 Products......Page 287 Semisynthetic Derivatives......Page 290 Oral Cephalosporins......Page 291 β-Lactamase Resistance......Page 294 Antipseudomonal Cephalosporins......Page 296 Classification......Page 297 Products......Page 298 Future Developments in Cephalosporin Design......Page 304 MONOBACTAMS......Page 305 Chemistry......Page 306 Microbial Resistance......Page 307 Structure–Activity Relationships......Page 308 Products......Page 309 Structure of the Tetracyclines......Page 313 Spectrum of Activity......Page 315 Structure–Activity Relationships......Page 316 Products......Page 317 MACROLIDES......Page 320 Products......Page 321 LINCOMYCINS......Page 325 Products......Page 326 POLYPEPTIDES......Page 327 Polymyxin B Sulfate......Page 330 UNCLASSIFIED ANTIBIOTICS......Page 332 NEWER ANTIBIOTICS......Page 336 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 338 REFERENCES......Page 339 SELECTED READING......Page 341 CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES......Page 342 Immunization......Page 343 THE INFECTIOUS PROCESS FOR A VIRUS......Page 345 Chemoprophylaxis Influenza......Page 348 Inhibitors of DNA Polymerase......Page 351 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors......Page 355 NEWER AGENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HIV INFECTION......Page 358 Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors......Page 359 HIV Protease Inhibitors......Page 360 Chemokine Receptor Binders......Page 363 Combination Antiviral Therapy......Page 364 REFERENCES......Page 365 INTRODUCTION......Page 367 Alkylating Agents......Page 370 Individual Agents......Page 380 Pyrimidine Drugs......Page 384 Purine Drugs......Page 390 Products......Page 391 ANTIBIOTICS AND NATURAL PRODUCTS......Page 395 Actinomycins......Page 396 Anthracyclines......Page 397 Individual Agents......Page 400 Epipodophyllotoxins......Page 401 Camptothecins......Page 403 Bleomycin......Page 406 Vinca Alkaloids......Page 408 Taxanes......Page 410 PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITORS......Page 412 MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS......Page 418 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 422 REFERENCES......Page 423 SELECTED READING......Page 424 Radioactivity and Nuclear Medicine......Page 425 Radionuclide Production......Page 427 Biological Effects of Radiation......Page 428 Radiopharmaceuticals......Page 429 Fluorine Radiochemistry......Page 430 Indium Radiochemistry......Page 431 Iodine Radiochemistry......Page 433 Technetium Radiochemistry......Page 434 Thallium Radiochemistry......Page 441 Radiography and Computed Tomography......Page 442 Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 448 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 452 SELECTED READING......Page 453 WEB SITES OF INTEREST......Page 454 ANXIOLYTIC, SEDATIVE, AND HYPNOTIC AGENTS......Page 455 GABAA Receptors, Benzodiazepines, and Related Compounds......Page 456 Melatonin Receptor Agonist: Ramelteon......Page 463 Barbiturates......Page 464 Structure–Activity Relationships......Page 465 Miscellaneous Sedative–Hypnotics......Page 466 Alcohols and Their Carbamate Derivatives......Page 467 ANTIPSYCHOTICS......Page 469 Phenothiazines......Page 470 Ring Analogs of Phenothiazines: Benzazepines, Dibenzoxazepines, and Dibenzodiazepines......Page 475 Fluorobutyrophenones......Page 477 Antimanic Agents......Page 480 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 481 SELECTED READING......Page 482 Dopamine Receptors......Page 483 Dopaminergic Pathways......Page 484 PARKINSON DISEASE......Page 485 MAO-B Inhibitors......Page 486 Dopamine Agonists......Page 487 COMT Inhibitors......Page 489 Typical Antipsychotic Agents......Page 490 Phenothiazines and Thioxanthenes......Page 491 Atypical Antipsychotic Agents......Page 495 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 500 REFERENCES......Page 501 Classification of Epileptic Seizures and Recommended Initial Drug Therapy......Page 503 Voltage-Gated Ion Channels as Targets for Anticonvulsants......Page 504 GABAA Receptors as Targets for Anticonvulsants......Page 505 Valproic Acid (Depakote, Depakene, Depacon)......Page 506 Phenytoin (Dilantin, Kapseals, Phenytek) and Fosphenytoin (Cerebyx)......Page 507 Carbamazepine (Tegretol) and Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal)......Page 509 Gabapentin (Neurontin) and Pregabalin (Lyrica)......Page 510 Novel Broad-Spectrum Anticonvulsants......Page 511 Anticonvulsants Acts on a Selective Molecular Target......Page 512 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 513 REFERENCES......Page 514 SELECTED READING......Page 515 ANALEPTICS......Page 516 METHYLXANTHINES......Page 517 CENTRAL SYMPATHOMIMETIC AGENTS (PSYCHOMOTOR STIMULANTS)......Page 518 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors......Page 521 Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitors......Page 522 Tricyclic Antidepressants......Page 523 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors......Page 525 Selective Serotoninergic Reuptake Inhibitors and 5-HT2A Antagonists......Page 526 MISCELLANEOUS CNS-ACTING DRUGS......Page 527 1β-Arylamino Hallucinogens......Page 528 Depressant–Intoxicant......Page 529 SELECTED READING......Page 530 Biosynthesis......Page 531 Storage, Release, Uptake, and Metabolism......Page 534 Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes......Page 536 α-Adrenergic Receptors......Page 537 β-Adrenergic Receptors......Page 538 Drugs Affecting Catecholamine Biosynthesis......Page 540 Drugs Affecting Catecholamine Storage and Release......Page 542 Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics......Page 543 Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics......Page 555 Sympathomimetics with a Mixed Mechanism of Action......Page 556 α-Blockers......Page 557 β-Blockers......Page 561 ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 566 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 567 REFERENCES......Page 568 SELECTED READING......Page 569 CHAPTER OVERVIEW......Page 570 Nicotinic Receptors......Page 571 Muscarinic Receptors......Page 572 CHOLINERGIC NEUROCHEMISTRY......Page 575 Cholinergic Stereochemistry......Page 576 Structure–Activity Relationships......Page 578 CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS......Page 579 Products......Page 580 Cholinesterase Inhibitors......Page 582 Reversible Inhibitors......Page 584 Irreversible Inhibitors......Page 589 Products......Page 590 Structure–Activity Relationships......Page 593 Therapeutic Actions......Page 595 Structural Considerations......Page 596 Products......Page 597 Products......Page 600 Aminoalcohol Ethers......Page 603 Aminoalcohols......Page 604 Aminoamides......Page 606 Miscellaneous......Page 607 GANGLIONIC BLOCKING AGENTS......Page 608 Depolarizing Ganglionic Blocking Agents......Page 609 Nondepolarizing Noncompetitive Ganglionic Blocking Agents......Page 610 NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS......Page 611 Curare and Curare Alkaloids......Page 612 Synthetic Compounds with Curariform Activity......Page 613 REFERENCES......Page 617 The Renin–Angiotensin System and Hypertension......Page 619 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors......Page 621 ACE-INHIBITOR PRODRUGS......Page 622 ANGIOTENSIN ANTAGONISTS......Page 624 ANGIOTENSIN II BLOCKERS......Page 625 RENIN INHIBITORS......Page 626 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 627 REFERENCES......Page 628 ANTIANGINAL AGENTS AND VASODILATORS......Page 629 Nitrovasodilators......Page 630 Calcium Antagonists......Page 634 Antithrombotic Agents......Page 639 Cardiac Electrophysiology......Page 641 Mechanisms of Arrhythmias......Page 642 Classes of Antiarrhythmic Drugs......Page 643 pH and Activity......Page 644 ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS......Page 649 Lipoprotein Classes......Page 659 Hyperlipoproteinemias......Page 660 HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors......Page 664 Mechanism of Blood Coagulation......Page 666 Anticoagulant Mechanisms......Page 667 Platelet Aggregation and Inhibitors......Page 668 SYNTHETIC HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS......Page 670 Sulfonylureas......Page 671 Nonsulfonylureas—Metaglinides......Page 673 α-Glucosidase Inhibitors......Page 674 ANTITHYROID DRUGS......Page 675 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 676 REFERENCES......Page 677 DISORDERS OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM: DIABETES AND THE METABOLIC SYNDROME......Page 678 Insulins and Modified Insulins......Page 679 Sulfonylureas and Glinides......Page 680 Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones)......Page 693 Biguanides......Page 697 α-Glucosidase Inhibitors......Page 699 Amylin Analogs......Page 701 Incretin System Modulating Agents: Incretin Mimetics and Dipeptidyl Peptidase Type 4 Inhibitors......Page 702 Glucose Elevating Agents......Page 706 GONADOTROPINS, GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE, AND GNRH RECEPTOR AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS......Page 707 Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists......Page 709 Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Antagonists......Page 711 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 713 REFERENCES......Page 715 Osteoporosis......Page 717 Bisphosphonates......Page 718 Calcitonin-Salmon (sCT; Miacalcin, Calcimar)......Page 720 Hyperparathyroidism......Page 721 REFERENCES......Page 722 The Ideal Inhaled Anesthetic......Page 723 Structure–Activity Relationships of the Volatile General Anesthetics......Page 724 Mechanism of Action of the Inhaled Anesthetics......Page 725 General Anesthetic Monographs, Individual Products Including Adverse Reactions......Page 726 Propofol......Page 728 Ketamine......Page 729 Physiology of Nerve Fibers and Neurotransmission......Page 730 Neuronal Membrane Ion Permeability During an Action Potential......Page 731 Ligand-Gated Sodium Channel Structure and Function......Page 732 Mechanism of Action of Local Anesthetics......Page 734 SARs of Local Anesthetics......Page 735 Vasoconstrictors Used in Combination with Local Anesthetics......Page 736 The Ester Local Anesthetics......Page 737 The Amino Amide Local Anesthetics......Page 738 Future Directions of Local Anesthetic Research......Page 741 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 742 REFERENCES......Page 743 Biosynthesis and Distribution......Page 745 Storage and Release......Page 746 Histamine Receptors and Histamine-Mediated Physiologic Functions......Page 747 Mechanism of Action......Page 749 General Pharmacological and Therapeutic Considerations......Page 751 First-Generation Antihistamine Classes......Page 753 Second-Generation Antihistamines......Page 765 INHIBITION OF HISTAMINE RELEASE: MAST CELL STABILIZERS......Page 769 RECENT ANTIHISTAMINE DEVELOPMENTS: THE “DUAL-ACTING” ANTIHISTAMINES......Page 771 Structural Derivation of the “H2-Antagonists”......Page 772 Other Antiulcer and Gastric Acid Hypersecretory Disease Therapies: Proton Pump Inhibitors......Page 777 HISTAMINE H3- AND H4-RECEPTOR LIGANDS......Page 785 REFERENCES......Page 786 Acute and Chronic Pain......Page 788 Opioid Receptor Discovery and Endogenous Ligands......Page 789 Opioid Receptors......Page 790 4,5-Epoxymorphinans......Page 794 Morphinans......Page 797 4-Phenylpiperidines and 4-Anilidopiperidines......Page 798 Diphenylheptanes......Page 800 Miscellaneous......Page 801 Mixed Agonist/Antagonist......Page 802 Opioid Antagonists......Page 803 Mechanism of Action and NSAID-Induced Side Effects......Page 804 Structure–Activity Relationships of NSAIDs......Page 805 Aspirin and Salicylic Acid Derivatives......Page 808 The Conventional Nonselective Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors......Page 810 The Analgesic Antipyretics: Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) and Related Analogs......Page 815 DISEASE-MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUGS......Page 818 Synthetic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs......Page 819 Risk Factors......Page 821 Treatment of Acute Gouty Arthritis......Page 822 Pathophysiology of Migraine......Page 823 Structure–Activity Relationship......Page 824 Mechanism of Action......Page 825 Antimigraine Drugs Acting on 5-HT1B/1D Receptors......Page 826 REFERENCES......Page 827 STEROID BIOSYNTHESIS......Page 831 CHANGES TO MODIFY PHARMACOKINETIC PROPERTIES OF STEROIDS......Page 834 STEROID HORMONE RECEPTORS......Page 835 Structure of Steroid Hormone Receptors......Page 836 Structure of Steroid Hormone–Receptor Complexes......Page 837 Pituitary Gonadotropins: Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone......Page 838 Estrogens......Page 839 Progestins......Page 849 Ovulation Inhibitors and Related Hormonal Contraceptives......Page 853 Combined Estrogen/Progestin Hormone Replacement Therapy......Page 858 Structural Classes: Anabolic Androgenic Steroids......Page 859 Therapeutic Uses of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids......Page 860 Androgens and Sports......Page 861 Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Products......Page 862 Antiandrogen Products......Page 863 Inhibition of 5α-Reductase......Page 864 Endogenous Corticosteroids......Page 865 Biosynthesis......Page 866 Biological Activities of Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids......Page 867 Structural Classes: Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids......Page 868 Therapeutic Uses of Adrenal Cortex Hormones......Page 871 Mineralocorticoid and Glucocorticoid Products......Page 872 ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 876 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 877 REFERENCES......Page 878 HISTORY OF EICOSANOID DISCOVERY......Page 880 EICOSANOID BIOSYNTHESIS......Page 881 DESIGN OF EICOSANOID DRUGS......Page 884 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID SUPPLEMENTS......Page 887 EICOSANOIDS APPROVED FOR HUMAN CLINICAL USE......Page 888 VETERINARY USES OF PROSTANOIDS......Page 890 SELECTED READING......Page 891 PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES......Page 892 Conformational Features of Protein Structure......Page 893 Factors Affecting Protein Structure......Page 894 Color Tests and Miscellaneous Separation and Identification Methods......Page 895 Products......Page 896 Relation of Structure and Function......Page 897 Classification......Page 899 Products......Page 900 Hormones from the Hypothalamus......Page 902 Pituitary Hormones......Page 903 Somatostatin......Page 906 Neurohypophyseal Hormones (Oxytocin, Vasopressin)......Page 907 Pancreatic Hormones......Page 909 Gastrointestinal Hormones......Page 915 Parathyroid Hormone......Page 916 Plasmakinins......Page 917 Hemoglobin......Page 918 rDNA Technology......Page 919 BIOTECHNOLOGY-DERIVED PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS......Page 921 REFERENCES......Page 925 SELECTED READING......Page 926 INTRODUCTION......Page 927 Vitamin A......Page 929 Vitamin D......Page 935 Vitamin E......Page 939 Vitamin K......Page 944 Vitamin B1......Page 947 Vitamin B2......Page 950 Vitamin B3......Page 951 Vitamin B5......Page 954 Vitamin B6......Page 956 Vitamin B7......Page 959 Vitamin B9......Page 960 Vitamin B12......Page 963 Vitamin C......Page 966 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 968 REFERENCES......Page 969 SELECTED READING......Page 972 HISTORICAL ASPECTS......Page 973 AN HERB IS A DRUG......Page 974 Echinacea......Page 975 Feverfew......Page 976 Saint John’s Wort......Page 977 Garlic......Page 979 Ephedra......Page 980 Ginkgo Biloba......Page 981 Ginseng......Page 982 Milk Thistle......Page 983 Herbal Drugs Used in the Treatment of Cancer......Page 984 Licorice......Page 985 REFERENCES......Page 986 APPENDIX: Calculated Log P, Log D, and pKa......Page 988 INDEX......Page 996 |