Lecture Notes in Pharmacy Practice

This is a comprehensive study/revision guide which summarises the basic principles in pharmacy practice. It comprises 70 concise chapters covering clinical pharmacy in both community and hospital settings, as well as the practice of pharmacy in other areas. This text is an essential resource for pharmacy students studying for exams, providing clear, bulleted information for quick reference and short questions at the end of each chapter to aid exam preparation. Essential information is covered in the following five sections of the book: introduction to pharmacy; clinical pharmacy and pharmacotherapeutics; responding to symptoms in community pharmacy; pharmacy information and research; and, pharmacy systems. This book follows and complements three other titles which were also edited by Professor Azzopardi: "Further MCQs in Pharmacy Practice" (2006), "MCQs in Clinical Pharmacy" (2007) and "MCQs in Pharmacy Practice, 2nd Edition" (September 2009). "Lecture Notes in Pharmacy Practice" will help to prepare students for what they will experience when they start practising in real-life healthcare settings. It will also apply to practitioners in their day-to-day work, aiding pharmacists in their efforts to stay abreast and maintain competency.

Table of contents : 

Title page......Page 4

Contents......Page 6

Foreword......Page 10

Preface......Page 12

Acknowledgements......Page 13

About the editor......Page 14

Contributors......Page 15

How to use this book......Page 16

Abbreviations......Page 17

Part 1......Page 18

Tracing the origins of pharmacy......Page 20

Development of medicines......Page 21

Development of pharmaceutical regulation......Page 23

Further reading......Page 24

Acknowledgements......Page 25

Pharmacist interventions in the healthcare system......Page 26

Quality improvement......Page 27

Measuring outcomes......Page 28

References......Page 29

Administration of medicines......Page 30

Route of administration......Page 31

Topical route......Page 32

Nasal administration......Page 33

Parenteral route......Page 34

Answers......Page 35

Further reading......Page 36

Medical devices......Page 37

Development of medicines......Page 38

Barriers to proper use of medicines......Page 39

Identifying patient needs......Page 40

Adverse drug reactions......Page 41

Medication errors......Page 42

Poisoning......Page 43

Further reading......Page 44

References......Page 45

Organisation of a community pharmacy......Page 46

Provision of patient-focused services from community pharmacies......Page 47

Further reading......Page 48

Collection of medicine......Page 50

Practice summary......Page 51

Further reading......Page 52

Themes of health promotion in community pharmacies......Page 53

Answer......Page 54

Further reading......Page 55

Communication process......Page 56

Counselling in the hospital setting......Page 57

Pharmacist counselling process......Page 58

Further reading......Page 59

Categories of non-adherence......Page 61

Strategies to improve patient adherence......Page 62

Reference......Page 63

Concentration......Page 64

Dilutions......Page 65

Calculations involving molecular weights......Page 66

Calculating the amount of ingredients......Page 67

Calculation of doses......Page 68

Rate of flow of intravenous solutions......Page 69

Further reading......Page 70

Background......Page 71

Point-of-care testing......Page 72

Monitoring of body weight......Page 73

Diabetes monitoring......Page 74

International normalised ratio......Page 75

Urine specimen sampling......Page 76

Answers......Page 77

Further reading......Page 78

Part 2......Page 80

Pharmaceutical care process:......Page 82

Example of pharmacist care plan in community pharmacy setting......Page 84

Answer......Page 85

Further reading......Page 86

Drug action: receptors......Page 87

Pharmacogenetics and inter-individual variation in drug responses......Page 89

Risk–benefit ratio of drugs......Page 90

Answer......Page 91

Further reading......Page 92

Factors affecting rate and degree of absorption (oral route of administration)......Page 93

Elimination parameters......Page 95

Distribution – tissue distribution......Page 94

Further reading......Page 96

Constipation......Page 97

Laxatives......Page 98

Diarrhoea......Page 100

Answers......Page 101

Reference......Page 102

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease......Page 103

Peptic ulcer......Page 104

Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding......Page 107

Reference......Page 108

Ulcerative colitis......Page 109

Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease......Page 110

Intestinal malabsorption syndrome: coeliac disease......Page 112

Further reading......Page 113

Pharmacotherapy......Page 114

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)......Page 115

Answers......Page 116

Further reading......Page 117

Physical examination......Page 118

Cardiac catheterisation......Page 119

Coronary artery by-pass surgery (CABG)......Page 120

Managing cardiac emergencies......Page 121

Further reading......Page 123

Regulation of blood pressure......Page 124

Blood pressure measurement......Page 125

Management of hypertension......Page 126

Drug therapy......Page 127

Potential problems with nonprescription medicines in hypertension......Page 133

Phaeochromocytoma......Page 134

Practice summary......Page 135

Answers......Page 136

Acknowledgements......Page 137

Diagnosis......Page 138

Treatment of angina......Page 139

ACE inhibitors and management of angina......Page 141

Practice summary......Page 142

Acknowledgements......Page 143

Classification......Page 144

Treatment......Page 145

Answers......Page 147

Acknowledgements......Page 148

Combined hyperlipidaemia......Page 149

Statins......Page 150

Other pharmacological treatment......Page 152

Further reading......Page 153

Acknowledgements......Page 154

Venous thromboembolism (VTE)......Page 155

Heparin (unfractionated heparin)......Page 156

Oral anticoagulants: warfarin......Page 157

Arterial thromboembolism......Page 158

Acknowledgements......Page 159

Antihistamines......Page 160

Allergic rhinitis......Page 163

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease......Page 164

Further reading......Page 166

Diagnostic criteria......Page 167

Management options......Page 168

Patient counselling and monitoring......Page 171

Practice summary......Page 172

References......Page 173

Depression......Page 174

Antidepressant drugs......Page 176

Discontinuation syndrome......Page 178

Hyponatraemia and antidepressants......Page 179

Practice summary......Page 180

Reference......Page 181

Characteristics......Page 182

Generalised anxiety disorder......Page 183

Panic disorder......Page 184

Obsessive–compulsive disorder......Page 185

Answer......Page 186

Further reading......Page 187

Types of sleep......Page 188

Sleep management......Page 189

Hypnotic drugs......Page 190

Other hypnotics......Page 191

Natural products that can be used in sleep disturbance......Page 192

Restless leg syndrome......Page 193

Further reading......Page 194

Asthenia......Page 195

Obesity......Page 196

Binge eating disorder......Page 198

Pharmacotherapy of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder......Page 199

Acknowledgements......Page 200

The endogenous analgesia system......Page 201

Assessment of pain......Page 202

Analgesic drugs......Page 203

Classification of headache......Page 207

Practice summary......Page 209

Further reading......Page 210

Diagnostic criteria......Page 211

Pharmacotherapy......Page 212

Management of mood disorders......Page 213

Further reading......Page 214

Pathology......Page 215

Pharmacotherapy......Page 216

Answers......Page 218

Reference......Page 219

Patients at risk of developing nosocomial infections......Page 220

Choice and use of systemic antibacterial drugs......Page 221

Penicillins......Page 222

Cephalosporins......Page 225

Telithromycin......Page 226

Sulphonamides and trimethoprim......Page 227

Antituberculous drugs......Page 228

Antiviral agents......Page 229

Anthelmintic drugs......Page 230

Answers......Page 231

Further reading......Page 232

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)......Page 233

Antiviral agents and HIV......Page 234

Viral sensitivity and resistance......Page 235

Answer......Page 236

Further reading......Page 237

Hepatitis A......Page 238

Treatment of chronic hepatitis......Page 239

Questions......Page 240

Further reading......Page 241

Hyperthyroidism......Page 242

Thyroid crisis......Page 244

Hypothyroidism......Page 245

Further reading......Page 246

Type 1 diabetes mellitus......Page 247

Management......Page 248

Acarbose......Page 249

Insulin......Page 250

Hypoglycaemia......Page 251

Diabetic ketoacidosis......Page 252

Practice summary......Page 253

Further reading......Page 254

Background......Page 255

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)......Page 256

Practice summary......Page 258

References......Page 259

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)......Page 260

Menorrhagia......Page 261

Progestogens......Page 262

Oral contraceptives......Page 263

Further reading......Page 267

Benign prostatic hyperplasia......Page 268

Overactive bladder......Page 269

Further reading......Page 271

Risk factors for cancer......Page 273

Cytotoxic chemotherapy......Page 274

Chemotherapy agents......Page 276

Palliative care......Page 278

Answers......Page 279

Further reading......Page 280

Diagnostic tests......Page 281

Iron-deficiency anaemia......Page 282

Anaemia and chronic renal failure......Page 283

Practice summary......Page 284

Further reading......Page 285

Diagnostic criteria......Page 286

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs......Page 287

Biologic agents......Page 289

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs......Page 290

Acknowledgements......Page 292

Drug therapy in osteoarthritis......Page 293

Gout and hyperuricaemia......Page 294

Practice summary......Page 296

Acknowledgements......Page 297

Background......Page 298

Further reading......Page 303

Dosage forms for topical application......Page 304

Topical corticosteroids......Page 305

Dandruff – pityriasis capitis......Page 306

Topical drugs affecting the immune system......Page 307

Acne......Page 308

Psoriasis......Page 309

Questions......Page 310

Further reading......Page 311

Process of wound healing......Page 312

Dressings......Page 313

Further reading......Page 315

Pharmacist actions in geriatric patient care......Page 316

Appropriate drug selection......Page 317

Ensuring optimum drug use by an elderly patient......Page 318

Practice summary......Page 319

Further reading......Page 320

Vaccination programme......Page 321

Cradle cap......Page 323

Pharmacokinetics......Page 324

Problems of use of medicines in paediatric patients......Page 325

Answers......Page 326

References......Page 327

Background......Page 328

Lifestyle modifications and pregnancy......Page 329

Symptoms commonly presented in pregnancy......Page 330

Chronic conditions......Page 331

Breast-feeding and use of medicines......Page 332

Further reading......Page 333

Physiological markers used for health evaluation......Page 334

Hyperkalaemia......Page 335

Question......Page 336

Acknowledgements......Page 337

Recent developments in drugs acting on the cardiovascular system......Page 338

Recent developments in infectious disease management......Page 339

Extensions of existing therapies......Page 340

Further reading......Page 341

Part 3......Page 342

Influenza......Page 344

Nasal decongestants......Page 345

Mucolytics......Page 346

Influenza vaccine......Page 347

Answers......Page 348

Reference......Page 349

Eyelid disorders......Page 350

Ophthalmic preparations......Page 351

Glaucoma......Page 352

Contact lenses......Page 354

Answers......Page 355

Further reading......Page 356

Mouth ulcers......Page 357

Oral candidal infections......Page 358

Gingivitis and periodontal disease......Page 359

Oral hygiene......Page 360

Further reading......Page 361

Corns and calluses and verrucae......Page 362

Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis)......Page 363

Ingrown toenails......Page 364

Answers......Page 365

Further reading......Page 366

Disorders of the external auditory canal......Page 367

Disorders of the middle ear......Page 368

Disorders of the inner ear......Page 369

Practice summary......Page 370

Further reading......Page 371

Description of injuries......Page 372

When to refer musculoskeletal disorders......Page 373

Pharmacological approach......Page 374

Answers......Page 375

Further reading......Page 376

Differential diagnosis of abdominal pain......Page 377

Heartburn......Page 378

Diarrhoea......Page 379

Vaginal thrush (vaginal candidiasis)......Page 380

Haemorrhoids......Page 381

Practice summary......Page 382

Further reading......Page 383

Medical kits for travel......Page 384

Travel vaccinations......Page 385

Problems related to air travel......Page 386

Problems related to environmental hazards......Page 387

Further reading......Page 389

Part 4......Page 390

Sources of information......Page 392

Further reading......Page 394

References......Page 395

Preparing a report and papers for submission to journals......Page 396

Vancouver style of writing references......Page 397

Further reading......Page 399

Research methods......Page 400

Terms used in research investigations......Page 401

Designing questionnaires......Page 403

Evaluation of research study......Page 404

Journal articles......Page 405

Further reading......Page 406

Part 5......Page 408

Primary healthcare......Page 410

Supplementary and pharmacist prescribing......Page 411

Further reading......Page 412

Business operations......Page 413

Starting a pharmacy......Page 414

Computers in pharmacy......Page 416

Further reading......Page 417

Purchasing of equipment......Page 418

Professional hospital pharmacy services......Page 419

Drug information services......Page 420

Answer......Page 421

Further reading......Page 422

Historical perspective on the development of hospital formularies......Page 423

Formulary system......Page 424

Ethical implications of developing a formulary system......Page 425

Reference......Page 426

Authorisation of medicines......Page 427

EU Good Manufacturing Practice (EU GMP)......Page 428

EU Good Distribution Practice (EUGDP)......Page 429

Answers......Page 430

References......Page 431

Milestones......Page 432

Quality care standards......Page 433

Areas included in generic standards......Page 434

Answers......Page 436

References......Page 437

Bibliography......Page 438

Index......Page 440

Lecture Notes in Pharmacy Practice