Community Health Nursing
Community & Public Health Nursing: Promoting the Public's Health
Community & Public Health Nursing is designed to provide students a basic grounding in public health nursing principles while emphasizing aggregate-level nursing. While weaving in meaningful examples from practice throughout the text, the authors coach students on how to navigate between conceptualizing about a population-focus while also continuing to advocate and care for individuals, families, and aggregates. This student-friendly, highly illustrated text engages students, and by doing so, eases students into readily applying public health principles along with evidence-based practice, nursing science, and skills that promote health, prevent disease, as well as protect at-risk populations! What the 8th edition of this text does best is assist students in broadening the base of their knowledge and skills that they can employ in both the community and acute care settings, while the newly enhanced ancillary resources offers interactive tools that allow students of all learning styles to master public health nursing.
Table of contents :
Cover ......Page 1
Titile Page ......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
ABOUT THE AUTHORS ......Page 5
CONTRIBUTORS ......Page 7
REVIEWERS......Page 8
OTHER REVIEWERS......Page 9
PREFACE......Page 11
CONTENTS......Page 15
UNIT 1: FOUNDATIONS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 19
CHAPTER 1: The Journey Begins: Introduction to Community Healt h Nursing......Page 20
COMMUNITY HEALTH......Page 21
THE CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY......Page 25
THE CONCEPT OF HEALTH......Page 28
COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH PRACTICE......Page 35
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 37
SUMMARY......Page 44
REFERENCES......Page 45
CHAPTER 2: History and Evolution of Community Health Nursing ......Page 48
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 49
SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 61
PREPARATION FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 65
SUMMARY ......Page 67
REFERENCES ......Page 68
CHAPTER 3: Setting the Stage for Community Health Nursing ......Page 70
CORE PUBLIC HEALTH FUNCTIONS......Page 71
STANDARDS OF PRACTICE......Page 73
ROLES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSES......Page 74
SETTINGS FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PRACTICE......Page 82
SUMMARY......Page 87
REFERENCES......Page 88
CHAPTER 4: Evidence-Based Practice and Ethics in Community Health Nursing ......Page 89
ASKING THE QUESTION......Page 93
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH......Page 98
UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH BASICS TO PROMOTE EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE......Page 100
IMPACT OF RESEARCH ON COMMUNITY HEALTH AND NURSING PRACTICE......Page 107
THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE’S ROLE IN RESEARCH......Page 109
QUALITIES OF VALUES......Page 111
VALUE SYSTEMS......Page 113
VALUES CLARIFICATION......Page 114
ETHICS......Page 115
SUMMARY......Page 124
REFERENCES......Page 128
CHAPTER 5: Transcultural Nursing in the Community ......Page 133
THE MEANING OF CULTURE......Page 134
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE......Page 138
ETHNOCULTURAL HEALTH CARE PRACTICES......Page 142
SELECTED CULTURAL COMMUNITIES......Page 145
TRANSCULTURAL COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PRINCIPLES......Page 158
SUMMARY ......Page 163
REFERENCES......Page 165
UNIT 2: PUBLIC HEALTH ESSENTIALS FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 169
CHAPTER 6: Structure and Economics of Community Health Services ......Page 170
HISTORICAL INFLUENCES ON HEALTH CARE......Page 171
PUBLIC HEALTH CARE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 172
HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 175
INTERNATIONAL HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS......Page 183
SIGNIFICANT LEGISLATION......Page 186
THE ECONOMICS OF HEALTH CARE......Page 194
SOURCES OF HEALTH CARE FINANCING: PUBLIC AND PRIVATE......Page 199
TRENDS AND ISSUES INFLUENCING HEALTH CARE ECONOMICS......Page 207
HEALTH CARE REFORM......Page 216
EFFECTS OF HEALTH ECONOMICS ON COMMUNITY HEALTH PRACTICE......Page 222
IMPLICATIONS FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 224
SUMMARY......Page 225
REFERENCES......Page 227
CHAPTER 7: Epidemiology in Community Health Care ......Page 234
HISTORICAL ROOTS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 235
CONCEPTS BASIC TO EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 238
SOURCES OF INFORMATION FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY......Page 249
METHODS IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC INVESTIGATIVE PROCESS......Page 254
CONDUCTING EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH......Page 258
SUMMARY......Page 261
REFERENCES......Page 262
CHAPTER 8: Communicable Disease Control ......Page 264
BASIC CONCEPTS REGARDING COMMUNICABLE DISEASES......Page 265
MAJOR COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 272
PRIMARY PREVENTION......Page 284
SECONDARY PREVENTION......Page 294
USING THE NURSING PROCESS FOR COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL......Page 296
LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES IN COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL......Page 297
SUMMARY......Page 298
REFERENCES......Page 299
CHAPTER 9: Environmental Health and Safety......Page 303
CONCEPTS AND FRAMEWORKS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH......Page 304
SUMMARY......Page 328
REFERENCES......Page 329
UNIT 3: COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING TOOLBOX......Page 333
CHAPTER 10: Communication, Collaboration, and Contracting ......Page 334
COMMUNICATION IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 335
HEALTH LITERACY AND OUTCOMES......Page 341
COLLABORATION AND PARTNERSHIPS IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 351
CONTRACTING IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 358
SUMMARY......Page 362
REFERENCES......Page 364
CHAPTER 11: Health Promotion: Achieving Change Through Education ......Page 367
HEALTH PROMOTION THROUGH CHANGE......Page 370
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH......Page 379
DOMAINS OF LEARNING......Page 381
LEARNING THEORIES......Page 385
HEALTH-TEACHING MODELS......Page 388
TEACHING AT THREE LEVELS OF PREVENTION......Page 389
EFFECTIVE TEACHING......Page 391
SUMMARY......Page 398
REFERENCES......Page 400
CHAPTER 12: Planning and Developing Community Programs and Services ......Page 402
PROGRAM PLANNING: THE BASICS......Page 403
IDENTIFYING GROUP OR COMMUNITY HEALTH PROBLEMS......Page 404
EVALUATION OF OUTCOMES......Page 410
MODELS USEFUL IN PROGRAM EVALUATION......Page 416
SOCIAL MARKETING......Page 419
GRANTS......Page 420
SUMMARY......Page 423
REFERENCES......Page 424
CHAPTER 13: Policy Making and Community Health Advocacy......Page 427
EVOLUTION AND EFFECTS OF CURRENT U.S. HEALTH POLICIES......Page 428
FOUNDATIONS OF POLITICAL ACTION AND ADVOCACY......Page 432
CURRENT PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING ADVOCACY......Page 437
POLICY......Page 438
POLITICS AS USUAL......Page 444
POWER AND EMPOWERMENT......Page 446
INFLUENCING POLICY......Page 447
SUMMARY ......Page 451
REFERENCES......Page 452
UNIT 4: THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT......Page 455
CHAPTER 14: Theoretical Basis of Community/Public Health Nursing ......Page 456
WHEN THE CLIENT IS A COMMUNITY: CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY/ PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING PRACTICE......Page 457
THEORIES AND MODELS FOR COMMUNITY/PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING PRACTICE......Page 458
PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE MODELS......Page 464
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY/PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING......Page 466
SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON COMMUNITY-ORIENTED, POPULATION-FOCUSED NURSING......Page 468
SUMMARY......Page 473
REFERENCES......Page 474
CHAPTER 15: Community as Client: Applying the Nursing Process ......Page 477
WHAT IS A HEALTHY COMMUNITY?......Page 480
DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT......Page 481
THE NURSING PROCESS APPLIED TO THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT......Page 489
COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT METHODS......Page 497
SOURCES OF COMMUNITY DATA......Page 499
DATA ANALYSIS AND DIAGNOSIS......Page 500
PLANNING TO MEET THE HEALTH NEEDS OF THE COMMUNITY......Page 503
EVALUATING IMPLEMENTED COMMUNITY HEALTH PLAN......Page 506
SUMMARY ......Page 510
REFERENCES......Page 511
CHAPTER 16: Global Health and International Community Health Nursing ......Page 515
A FRAMEWORK FOR GLOBAL COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 516
THE CONTEXT......Page 518
THE POPULATION......Page 526
PROVIDERS OF HEALTH CARE......Page 537
THE PROCEDURES/INTERVENTIONS......Page 540
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING OPPORTUNITIES......Page 548
SUMMARY......Page 550
REFERENCES......Page 551
CHAPTER 17: Being Prepared: Impact of Disaster, Terrorism, and War ......Page 555
DISASTERS......Page 556
TERRORISM......Page 575
SUMMARY......Page 581
REFERENCES......Page 582
UNIT 5: THE FAMILY AS CLIENT......Page 585
CHAPTER 18: Theoretical Basis for Promoting Family Health ......Page 586
WHAT IS FAMILY HEALTH NURSING?......Page 587
DEFINITIONS OF FAMILY......Page 588
UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILIES......Page 589
TRADITIONAL FAMILIES......Page 593
CONTEMPORARY FAMILIES......Page 594
SUMMARY ......Page 599
REFERENCES......Page 601
CHAPTER 19: Working with Families: Applying the Nursing Process ......Page 602
NURSING PROCESS COMPONENTS APPLIED TO FAMILIES AS CLIENTS......Page 603
PLANNING TO MEET THE HEALTH NEEDS OF FAMILIES DURING HOME VISITS......Page 605
CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTHY FAMILIES......Page 611
FAMILY HEALTH PRACTICE GUIDELINES......Page 615
FAMILY HEALTH ASSESSMENT......Page 619
GUIDELINES FOR FAMILY HEALTH ASSESSMENT......Page 625
EVALUATING IMPLEMENTED FAMILY HEALTH PLANS......Page 630
SUMMARY......Page 632
REFERENCES......Page 634
CHAPTER 20: Violence Affecting Families ......Page 635
DYNAMICS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF A CRISIS......Page 636
HISTORY OF FAMILY VIOLENCE......Page 639
FAMILY VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN......Page 642
PARTNER/ SPOUSAL ABUSE......Page 650
MISTREATMENT OF ELDERS......Page 655
OTHER FORMS OF FAMILY VIOLENCE......Page 656
LEVELS OF PREVENTION: CRISIS INTERVENTION AND FAMILY VIOLENCE......Page 658
FAMILIES FACING VIOLENCE FROM OUTSIDE THE FAMILY......Page 661
ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE IN CARING FOR FAMILIES IN CRISIS......Page 666
SUMMARY......Page 669
REFERENCES......Page 670
UNIT 6: PROMOTING AND PROTECTING THE HEALTH OF POPULATIONS WITH DEVELOPMENTAL NEEDS......Page 673
CHAPTER 21: Maternal–Child Health: Working with Perinatal, Infant, Toddler, and Preschool Clients ......Page 674
HEALTH STATUS AND NEEDS OF PREGNANT WOMEN AND INFANTS......Page 675
INFANTS, TODDLERS, AND PRESCHOOLERS......Page 691
NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON INFANTS, TODDLERS, AND PRESCHOOLERS......Page 692
HEALTH SERVICES FOR INFANTS, TODDLERS, AND PRESCHOOLERS......Page 701
SUMMARY......Page 709
REFERENCES......Page 710
CHAPTER 22: School-Age Children and Adolescents ......Page 717
HEALTH PROBLEMS OF SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN......Page 718
ADOLESCENT HEALTH......Page 740
HEALTH SERVICES FOR SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS......Page 754
SUMMARY......Page 759
REFERENCES......Page 760
CHAPTER 23: Adult Women and Men ......Page 771
LIFE EXPECTANCY......Page 773
MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS OF ADULTS......Page 774
WOMEN’S HEALTH......Page 781
MEN’S HEALTH......Page 788
ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE......Page 793
SUMMARY......Page 795
REFERENCES......Page 796
CHAPTER 24: Older Adults: Aging in Place......Page 800
HEALTH STATUS OF OLDER ADULTS......Page 802
DISPELLING AGEISM......Page 805
MEETING THE HEALTH NEEDS OF OLDER ADULTS......Page 807
LEVELS OF PREVENTION......Page 808
HEALTH COSTS FOR OLDER ADULTS: MEDICARE AND MEDICAID......Page 826
APPROACHES TO OLDER ADULT CARE......Page 828
HEALTH SERVICES FOR OLDER ADULT POPULATIONS......Page 829
END OF LIFE: ADVANCE DIRECTIVES, HOSPICE, PALLIATIVE CARE......Page 833
THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE IN AN AGING AMERICA......Page 834
REFERENCES......Page 837
UNIT 7: PROMOTING AND PROTECTING THE HEALTH OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS......Page 841
CHAPTER 25: Working with Vulnerable People ......Page 842
THE CONCEPT OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS......Page 843
VULNERABILITY AND INEQUALITY IN HEALTH CARE......Page 849
WORKING WITH VULNERABLE POPULATIONS......Page 851
SUMMARY......Page 856
REFERENCES......Page 858
CHAPTER 26: Clients with Disabilities and Chronic Illnesses......Page 863
PERSPECTIVES ON DISABILITY, CHRONIC ILLNESS, AND HEALTH......Page 864
HEALTH PROMOTION AND PREVENTION NEEDS OF THE DISABLED AND CHRONICALLY ILL......Page 870
CIVIL RIGHTS LEGISLATION......Page 874
FAMILIES WITH A DISABLED OR CHRONICALLY ILL MEMBER......Page 876
ORGANIZATIONS SERVING THE NEEDS OF THE DISABLED AND CHRONICALLY ILL......Page 879
THE ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY/PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE......Page 882
SUMMARY......Page 884
REFERENCES......Page 885
CHAPTER 27: Behavioral Health in the Community......Page 888
A NEW ERA IN MENTAL HEALTH......Page 889
SUBSTANCE USE AND THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE......Page 894
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS......Page 903
DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIORAL HEALTH......Page 905
SCREENING AND BRIEF INTERVENTION IN BEHAVIORAL HEALTH......Page 906
COMMUNITY-LEVEL INTERVENTIONS......Page 911
SUMMARY......Page 916
REFERENCES......Page 917
CHAPTER 28: Working with the Homeless......Page 921
SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM......Page 922
DEMOGRAPHICS......Page 923
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS......Page 924
HOMELESS SUBPOPULATIONS......Page 925
RESOURCES TO COMBAT HOMELESSNESS......Page 929
ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE......Page 930
SUMMARY......Page 937
REFERENCES......Page 938
CHAPTER 29: Issues with Rural, Migrant, and Urban Health Care......Page 940
DEFINITIONS AND DEMOGRAPHICS......Page 941
POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS......Page 944
RURAL HEALTH ISSUES......Page 948
MIGRANT HEALTH......Page 956
MIGRANT FARMWORKERS: PROFILE OF A NOMADIC AGGREGATE......Page 957
HEALTH RISKS OF MIGRANT WORKERS AND THEIR FAMILIES......Page 961
THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSES IN CARING FOR A MOBILE WORKFORCE......Page 971
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING IN RURAL AREAS......Page 972
URBAN HEALTH......Page 975
HISTORY OF URBAN HEALTH CARE ISSUES......Page 976
URBAN POPULATIONS AND HEALTH DISPARITIES......Page 977
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING......Page 981
SUMMARY......Page 985
REFERENCES......Page 986
UNIT 8: SETTINGS FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 995
CHAPTER 30: Public Settings for Community Health Nursing ......Page 996
KEY FUNCTIONS OF THE PHN IN THE PUBLIC SETTING......Page 997
PUBLIC HEALTH FUNDING AND GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURES......Page 999
NURSING ROLES IN LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL PUBLIC HEALTH POSITIONS......Page 1001
PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING CAREERS......Page 1006
HISTORY OF SCHOOL NURSING......Page 1010
KEY ROLES OF THE SCHOOL NURSE......Page 1011
EDUCATION: SPECIAL TRAINING AND SKILLS OF THE SCHOOL NURSE......Page 1012
FUNCTIONS OF SCHOOL NURSING PRACTICE......Page 1014
CORRECTIONS NURSING......Page 1023
FUNCTIONS OF CORRECTIONS NURSE......Page 1024
SUMMARY......Page 1030
REFERENCES......Page 1031
CHAPTER 31: Private Settings for Community Health Nursing ......Page 1036
NURSE-MANAGED HEALTH CLINICS......Page 1037
FAITH COMMUNITY NURSING......Page 1043
OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH NURSING......Page 1048
NURSE ENTREPRENEUR IN COMMUNITY/PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING......Page 1053
SUMMARY......Page 1055
REFERENCES......Page 1057
CHAPTER 32: Clients Receiving Home Health and Hospice Care ......Page 1059
HISTORY AND POLITICS OF HOME HEALTH......Page 1060
HOME HEALTH AGENCIES......Page 1061
HOME HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL......Page 1062
REIMBURSEMENT FOR HOME HEALTH CARE......Page 1063
HOME HEALTH NURSING PRACTICE......Page 1065
THE FUTURE OF CARE IN THE HOME......Page 1069
EVOLUTION OF HOSPICE CARE......Page 1071
HOSPICE NURSING PRACTICE......Page 1072
THE FUTURE OF HOME HEALTH AND HOSPICE......Page 1075
SUMMARY......Page 1077
REFERENCES......Page 1078
INDEX......Page 1081
